According to statistics, in recent years, humanity has often come across diabetes, which is an epidemic of the 21st century. Every year the disease is getting younger, and more and more patients die from complications. In this regard, it is important to understand what diabetes are mellitus, what types of diabetes exist and their differences.
Types of diabetes
Diabetic pathology is a collective name for a whole class of diseases. In medicine, it is customary to release diabetes mellitus by type. The terminology itself is represented by a whole list of diseases that have common features. Features of diabetes and species are due to the pathogenic value of glucose in the bloodstream.
There are a lot of factors, which is why insulin is not able to deliver glucose to blood cells, while the result is always the only one - in the course of strong saturation of blood by sugar, the cells are unable to eat normally.
When sugar in the cells is inappropriate, it is pulled by water over. The liquid that fills the blood goes through the kidneys, leading to dehydration. Regardless of what type of sugar disease is observed, the following signs develop:
- Dryness in the oral cavity;
- feeling of thirst;
- Frequent visits to the bathroom and abundant urine discharge.
Various forms of diabetes are characterized by factors of appearance, symptoms and methods of therapy.
Classification of diabetes
How many types of diabetes sugar exist? First of all, diabetes are distinguished by type - sugar associated with an increase in sugar and non -ahar. And already the sugar type has certain types of diabetes and their differences.
- SD 1 form.
- SD 2 forms.
- Specific types of pathology.
- Gestational form.
In terms of severity, diabetes are distinguished by type:
- light;
- medium;
- heavy shape.
Regarding the state of compensation, they distinguish:
- compensated;
- subcompensated;
- Decompensated form of the disease.
It is important to consider each type of diabetes and their characteristics.
Type 1 diabetes (insulin -dependent)
The first type of diabetes is usually called autoimmune or viral damage to the pancreas that insulin produces. In patients with 1 type of diabetes, insulin is absent or not enough.
According to statistics, the manifestation of the disease is today in young people. The first form has the following signs:
- rapid loss of weight;
- thirst;
- frequent urge to the toilet;
- feeling of hunger;
- The occurrence of acetone in Urin.
Treatment of this variety of pathology implies the introduction of the necessary dosage of the hormone. The remaining therapeutic measures are ineffective.
The development of the 1st type of disease occurs due to a genetic factor. In addition, the provocateur is a number of negative reasons, starting with impaired immunity. The course of diabetes is sudden, with pronounced manifestations. The sugar indicator is quite high, reaches 30 mmol/l. But without insulin, cells remain in a state of starvation.
The pancreatic cells are deformed, sugar produced. The deficiency of the hormone leads to the impossibility of utilizing carbohydrates, the lack of energy tries to make up for fat processing.
The first type develops in the presence of:
- infections;
- stress;
- sedentary life;
- autoimmune processes;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Inappropriate nutrition.
In the absence of adequate treatment, discords of consciousness, up to a diabetic coma, are rapidly developing. Subsequently, if you do not comprehensively treat diabetes in adults, then it will quickly lead to a disorder of almost all systems and organs, disability.
With the development of the disease in a child, there is a lag in development at the physical, mental level, later puberty, infantilism.
The only method of therapy is the introduction of insulin in injections under the epithelium. Today, glucose is not introduced many times. There are analogues introduced 1 time per day or 1 time for 3 days. The insulin pump is effective, which introduces glucose continuously during the day.
A variety of 1 form of the disease is a latent autoimmune disease of adults, characterized by a decrease in sugar value, the patient's body weight is normal. In the study, antibodies are found to the cells of the pancreas that are not available in the 2nd form of pathology, but there is in 1 form.
It is important to diagnose the disease in time, since therapy implies the introduction of insulin. Tablets, to reduce sugar in this situation are not allowed.
Type 2 diabetes (insulin -dependent)
Diabetes of the 2nd degree is not absolute, but regarding insulin inferiority. This indicates the secretion of insulin in a normal, excess volume. Cells are resistant to its influence.
There are times when this species is associated with obesity. In such a position of secreting glucose, it is not enough for all present fat deposits. Unlike 1 form, 2 species are formed in mature years. The male gender is faced with a problem after 40, female in the post -climax period, when restructuring is observed at a hormonal level.
The development of 2 forms of diabetes is not so rapid, compared with 1 type. Often the disease is formed gradually, signs are weak, painful disorders are not as far as in 1 form.
The main manifestations of the disease include:
- Dryness in the oral cavity;
- the increased volume of urine, which makes the patient get into the toilet in the middle of the night;
- a strong desire to drink;
- itching of mucous membranes;
- There is an increased desire.
After the disease, together with obesity, leads to the development of a hypertensive disease, raising pressure to high values. The formation of a vicious circle is formed when diabetes, obesity and hypertension together lead to burden each other. The risk of heart attack, stroke is also rapidly growing.
If the disease is not treated, irreversible phenomena occur in nerve fibers, liver, kidneys, eye retina. Most often, vascular disease in 2 form leads to complication - the appearance of trophic ulcers on the lower leg, gangrene legs.
When the 2 species sd proceeds easily to normalize sugar, sufficiently discarded kilograms. This is only initially. After a lack of glucose, it will require drugs that lower sugar in tablets. Pill can stimulate synthesizing sugar in beta cells, which covers its deficiency.
But subsequently with multiple stimulation, complete depletion of cells, the formation of a complete lack of glucose is possible. High indicators, together with complications relative to internal organs, serve as an indication to switch from pill to insulin. Therefore, as a rule, the patient is doomed to constant use of insulin. So, of the 2 types of diabetes, the 1st is insulin-dependent, and the 2nd form has 2 phases, the nature of development is insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent.
Specific types of diabetes
There are a whole group of specific types of diabetes that are associated with other factors. Types of diabetes:
- Hereditary defects in the work of the pancreatic organ cells and the effect of insulin.
- The disease of the exocrine part of the gland.
- Endocrinopathy.
- Sd, provoked by medicines, chemical elements.
- Injections.
- Unusual types of immune disease.
- Hereditary symptoms that are combined with diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus by the types of genetic defects in the work of the pancreas and insulin effects is formed due to the mutation of genes that are responsible for the functioning of the gland, the effect of insulin.
Diseases of the exocrine part of the pancreas imply an inflammatory process in iron, injury, tumor formations. When part of the organ is affected, the productivity of sugar also suffers, the service station leads to the appearance of diabetes. Therapy undergoes a substitution of work, introduce glucose.
Diabetes mellitus by type of endocrinotherapy is characterized by the performance of hormones in excessive volume. Hormones are able to negatively affect the exchange of sugar by increasing the indicator, provoking insulin resistance, inhibit the exposure to sugar. As a result, the development of a specific form of diabetes occurs.
Diabetes mellitus by types provoked by drugs capable of increasing sugar and cause insulin resistance.
Often, diabetes initially develops after viral pathologies, since viruses can affect the pancreatic cells amazingly and provoke damage in the immune system, launching a process that is similar to the formation of sugar disease in form.
- Adenovirus.
- Cytomegalovirus.
- Rubella.
- Piggy.
In rare cases, diabetes are observed with diabetes, provoked by the formation of antibodies to glucose and its receptor. The receptor is the goal of glucose, through it the cell receives its influence. When these phenomena are violated, sugar is unable to naturally perform its work, so it develops diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
This species develops during pregnancy. The disease develops due to inferior sugar productivity, is necessary to regulate glucose in the bloodstream.
During pregnancy, the female body is forced to produce a large amount of sugar, which provides the need for the baby. This process is especially relevant in the second phase of pregnancy.
When there is a lack of glucose, the value of sugar is growing all the time, providing the possibility of the formation of a gestational type of diabetes. Pathology often disappears itself, after the birth of a child. This is a characteristic feature that distinguishes this type from other species having a chronic flow.
Non -adalar diabetes
The non -naicar form of the disease is also called urethics. Pathology has no typical signs. The main features include:
- polyuria, characterized by the release of urine in volume, which significantly exceeds the norm;
- Polydipsy - taking large volumes of fluid.
With a disease, diabetics observe:
- dry skin;
- the stomach is stretched, lowered;
- body weight falls;
- pressure decreases;
- The genitourinary system is affected (girls are faced with a violation of the menstrual cycle, in men, potency decreases);
- Ennuses of children are worried, growth and developmental development are delayed.
Nonachard therapy provides for the receipt of vasopressin in the form of a spray into the cavity of the nose, or pill.